
Operating theaters had a raised table or chair of some sort at the center for performing operations, and were surrounded by several rows of seats (operating theaters could be cramped or spacious) so students and other spectators could observe the case in progress. The surgeons wore street clothes with an apron to protect them from blood stains, and they operated bare-handed with and supplies packing gauze was made of sweepings from the floors of cotton mills. In contrast to today's concept of surgery as a profession that emphasizes cleanliness and conscientiousness, at the beginning of the 20th century the mark of a busy and successful surgeon was the profusion of blood and fluids on his clothes.In 1884 German surgeon Gustav Neuber implemented a comprehensive set of restrictions to ensure sterilization and conditions through the use of gowns, caps, and shoe covers,